Viola Online - Bowing Directions & Special Effects

Viola Online Bowing Directions & Special Effects

NOTATION	NAME	DEFINITION
	Accent	An accent placed over or under a note means the note should be emphasized by playing forcefully.
	Arco	Play with the bow (bowing directions such as arco are often used after a plucked, pizzicato section).
	Au talon	Talon is French for heel, and the term au talon, “at the heel,” means play the music with the bow hair at the heel or bottom part of the bow, closest to the hand (other terms for playing music using the bottom part of the bow include "at the frog" or nut).
	Bariolage	Bariolage is a French term which means an “odd mixture of colors,” and directs the string player to achieve a contrast in tone colors by playing on different strings. An example of barriolage is when the same note is played, alternating between open strings and stopped strings, or by playing a repeated passage, oscillating between two, three, or four strings. Fingering is often used to indicate bariolage.
	Bow lift	Lift the bow, and return to its starting point.
	Col legno	“With the wood.” Col legno means to strike the string with the stick of the bow rather than the hair (it is also called col legno battuto) When there are extended col legno passages in music, some professional violists use inexpensive bows for these sections in order to avoid damaging their expensive bows. Col legno tratto is less commonly used, and indicates the wood of the bow should be drawn across the string (use with caution, this can damage the wood of the bow).
	Down Bow	Begin the bow at the frog, and pull the bow from the frog to the tip.
	Flautando	Bow slightly over the fingerboard with the tip of the bow, producing a flutelike sound.
	Frog	The bottom part of the bow, a block of wood (often ebony) that bow hairs are attached to. When music indicates “play at the frog,” it means to use the bottom part of the bow hair, closest to the frog, for that section of music. Other terms used to indicate play at the bottom part of the bow include “play at the nut”, heel or au talon, (French for “at the heel”).
	Punta d’arco	Bow at the point or tip of the bow.
	Sforzando	Sforzando means forced or accented, and is usually attached to a single note or chord. It generally indicates the note should be played loudly with a sudden accented emphasis.
	Slur	A curved line grouping notes together, indicating the notes included in the slur should be played in the same bow. Unless otherwise indicated, notes in the slur should be played legato. When slurs are used with dots over or under the notes, this indicates a slight separation should be used between the notes (the terms slurred staccato or dotted slurs are often used to describe this technique). When a slur is placed between two notes with the same pitch, this is called a “tie” and the two notes are played in one bow for the duration of both notes.
	Sul ponticello	Play with the bow near the bridge. The result is a glassy, whispery sound.
	Sul tasto	Bow over the fingerboard. This produces a soft, flutelike sound (see flautando).
	Tenuto	Play sustained or broadly, and hold the note for its whole value.
	Tie	Connect two or more notes of the same pitch with one bow.
	Tremolo (bowed tremolo)	Bowed tremolo indicates the note should be played with very short, rapid and unaccented bow strokes, moving the bow back and forth for the duration of the note value (tremolos are usually played in the upper third of the bow, and a light wrist motion is used to achieve them.) Tremolos are either measured (a clear subdivision of the note’s rhythmic value) or unmeasured (play the note as fast as possible). Tremolo signs are indicated by short slanted lines through note stems. For example, one line through a stem indicates eighth note tremolos, 2 lines mean sixteenth note tremolos, and 3 lines indicate unmeasured tremolo. If tremolos are placed on a beamed note, the beam counts as one of the lines.
	Tremolo (fingered tremolo)	Tremolos may also be played between more than one note, and this is called fingered tremolo (it is also known as slurred tremolo). Instead of the bow rapidly moving, the fingers rapidly alternate between the two notes of the interval, while the bow smoothly plays. Fingered tremolo is generally notated by incomplete beams being placed between two notes of an interval to indicate the rhythmic value of the tremolo.
	Up bow	Begin the bow at the point or tip, and pull the bow from the point to the frog.
WB, LH, UH, MB	Whole bow	These terms are sometimes used to indicate what part of the bow should be used: WB = Whole Bow; LH = Lower Half; UH = Upper Half; MB = Middle of the Bow.

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